Treebank-based multilingual unification-grammar development

Broad-coverage, deep unification grammar development is time-consuming and costly. This problem can be exacerbated in multilingual grammar development scenarios. Recently (Cahill et al., 2002) presented a treebank-based methodology to semi-automatically create broadcoverage, deep, unification grammar resources for English. In this paper we present a project which adapts this model to a multilingual grammar development scenario to obtain robust, wide-coverage, probabilistic Lexical-Functional Grammars (LFGs) for English and German via automatic f-structure annotation algorithms based on the Penn-II and TIGER treebanks. We outline our method used to extract a probabilistic LFG from the TIGER treebank and report on the quality of the f-structures produced. We achieve an f-score of 66.23 on the evaluation of 100 random sentences against a manually constructed gold standard

Zum Umgang mit Wissen und Informationen in Nonprofit-Organisationen.Eine organisationstheoretische Betrachtung von Sportverbänden.

Der Stellenwert von Wissen und Informationen in Organisationen im Allgemeinen und in Sportverbänden im Speziellen ergibt sich aus ihren Eigenschaften als Problemlösungsinstanzen gelten zu können, eine Orientierungsfunktion zu besitzen und damit über eine Potentialität zur Erreichung von gesetzten Zielen zu verfügen (vgl. Mittelstraß, 2000, S. 7). Wohl gerade auch vor dem Hintergrund eines beschleunigten sozialen Wandels, der aufgrund anwachsender Kontingenzen und Alternativen zu einem steigenden Informationsbedarf führt (vgl. Rosa, 2005, S. 129-134 und 411), wird der intentionalen Beeinflussung von Wissens- und Informa-tionsprozessen erhöhte Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt. Aus einer solchen Perspektive erscheint der gezielte Umgang mit Wissen und Informationen jedoch nicht ausschließlich auf bestimmte Wissensbestände abzuzielen, sondern letztlich auch auf die Fähigkeit eine bestimmte Praxis aufrechtzuerhalten und sich damit an veränderte Umweltbedingungen anpassen zu können (vgl. Neuweg, 2007, S. 400). Für eine intentionale Beeinflussung von Wissen und Informationen erscheint es wichtig die Ebenen und Kontexte zu beachten, in denen Personen in Organisationen agieren und inter-agieren. Wichtige organisationale Ebenen sind dabei die individuelle, die kollektive, die ge-samtorganisationale und die supraorganisationale Ebene. Als relevante Kontexte ergeben sich die „organisatorisch-instrumentelle Infrastruktur“, die „Kompetenzen der Mitarbeiter“, die „Formen des vorhandenen Wissens bzw. der vorhandenen Informationen“ und die „Struktur der Lernprozesse“. Im Rahmen der Betrachtung von Wissens- und Informationsprozessen in Sportverbänden zeigt sich, dass bürokratische und professionelle Strukturen (vgl. Gukenbiehl, 2000, S. 88-89; Scott, 1968, S. 202-204) eng miteinander verschränkt sind, und damit beide Strukturelemente Einfluss auf die Wissens- und Informationshandhabung nehmen. Die erhebliche Bedeutung impliziter Wissensbestände für die organisationale Praxis von Sportverbänden und die in ihr getroffenen Entscheidungen, die sich daraus ergebende Perso-nengebundenheit von entscheidungsrelevanten Informationen, die Wichtigkeit informeller Kontakte für den Austausch und eine verstärkte Orientierung der Mitarbeiter an verbandsin-ternen Informationen lassen sich als die wissens- und informationsbezogene Kristallisation professioneller verbandlicher Strukturen deuten. Hingegen sind mehr oder weniger definierte Ordnungsprinzipien beim Umgang mit Wissen und Informationen sowie festgelegte Informa-tionsaufbereitungsverfahren zwischen hauptamtlichen und ehrenamtlichen Mitarbeitern bzw. zwischen Verbandsmitarbeitern und -mitgliedern als das Ergebnis bürokratischer Strukturen zu interpretieren. Bei dem Versuch der intentionalen Beeinflussung von Wissens- und Informationsprozessen in Organisationen gilt es mögliche Interventionen auf die bestehenden Spannungsfelder der je-weiligen Situation zu beziehen, da jede Interventionsentscheidung potentielle positive und negative Folgen bereits enthält (vgl. Romhardt, 1998, S. 61). Knowledge and information are of great importance for organizations in general and especial-ly for sports associations. This circumstance is based on the character of knowledge as an instrument for problem solving, on giving an orientation in decision making and on having a potential to achieve certain objectives (cp. Mittelstraß, 2000, S. 7). Against the background of an accelerated social change which induces an expanded information demand because of an increase of contingencies and alternatives (cp. Rosa, 2005, S. 129-134 and 411) the intentional influence of knowledge and information attracts more and more interest. From this perspec-tive the well-directed handling of knowledge and information is not only to be targeted on special areas of knowledge but also on the competency to maintain a code of practice in order to achieve an adaption to the environmental conditions (cp. Neuweg, 2007, S. 400). For the intentional influence of knowledge and information it seemed to be important to take into account the different levels and contexts in which individuals in organizations operate and interact with each other. Important organizational levels are the individual, the collective, the overall organizational and supra-organizational level. Furthermore the “organizational-instrumental context”, the “competencies of the employees”, the “mode of the available knowledge respectively the available information” and the “structure of learning processes” are considered as important contexts. In line with the reflection of knowledge and information processes in sports associations it becomes apparent that bureaucratic and professional structures (cp. Gukenbiehl, 2000, S. 88-89; Scott, 1968, S. 202-204) are closely connected so that both structural elements effect the handling of knowledge and information. Different findings could be interpreted as a result of professional structures in sport associa-tions working with information and knowledge everyday. These research results are the great importance of tacit knowledge for the organizational code of practice of sports associations as well as for the executed decisions in these associations, the close ties of crucial information to single employees as an consequence of the partial tacit character of knowledge, the importance of informal contacts for the information exchange and an increased orientation of the employees on internal information. In contrast other findings appear to be an outcome of bu-reaucratic structures. These bureaucratic structures produce more or less defined principles of order for handling information and constitute determined preparation processes for informa-tion in order to be valid for the communication between full-time and voluntary employees or also for the communication between the employees of associations and the members of asso-ciations. Every intentional influence of knowledge and information processes in organizations has to take special contexts of single situations into account and should balance between dif-ferent opposing poles. This kind of balance is of such an importants because every decision for an intervention already contains potential positive and negative outcomes as it is illustrated in the model of the Intervention Quadrants (cp. Romhardt, 1998, S. 61)

A sensitivity study of the neutral-neutral reactions C + C3 and C + C5 in cold dense interstellar clouds

Chemical networks used for models of interstellar clouds contain many reactions, some of them with poorly determined rate coefficients and/or products. In this work, we report a method for improving the predictions of molecular abundances using sensitivity methods and ab initio calculations. Based on the chemical network osu.2003, we used two different sensitivity methods to determine the most important reactions as a function of time for models of dense cold clouds. Of these reactions, we concentrated on those between C and C3 and between C and C5, both for their effect on specific important species such as CO and for their general effect on large numbers of species. We then used ab initio and kinetic methods to determine an improved rate coefficient for the former reaction and a new set of products, plus a slightly changed rate coefficient for the latter. Putting our new results in a pseudo-time-dependent model of cold dense clouds, we found that the abundances of many species are altered at early times, based on large changes in the abundances of CO and atomic C. We compared the effect of these new rate coefficients/products on the comparison with observed abundances and found that they shift the best agreement from 3e4 yr to (1-3)e5 yr

Prevention, diagnosis, therapy and follow-up care of sepsis: 1st revision of S-2k guidelines of the German Sepsis Society (Deutsche Sepsis-Gesellschaft e.V. (DSG)) and the German Interdisciplinary Association of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine (Deutsche Interdisziplinäre Vereinigung für Intensiv- und Notfallmedizin (DIVI))

Practice guidelines are systematically developed statements and recommendations that assist the physicians and patients in making decisions about appropriate health care measures for specific clinical circumstances taking into account specific national health care structures. The 1st revision of the S-2k guideline of the German Sepsis Society in collaboration with 17 German medical scientific societies and one self-help group provides state-of-the-art information (results of controlled clinical trials and expert knowledge) on the effective and appropriate medical care (prevention, diagnosis, therapy and follow-up care) of critically ill patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. The guideline had been developed according to the “German Instrument for Methodological Guideline Appraisal” of the Association of the Scientific Medical Societies (AWMF). In view of the inevitable advancements in scientific knowledge and technical expertise, revisions, updates and amendments must be periodically initiated. The guideline recommendations may not be applied under all circumstances. It rests with the clinician to decide whether a certain recommendation should be adopted or not, taking into consideration the unique set of clinical facts presented in connection with each individual patient as well as the available resources

Constitutivism

A brief explanation and overview of constitutivism

Baricitinib in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial and updated meta-analysis.

BackgroundWe aimed to evaluate the use of baricitinib, a Janus kinase (JAK) 1-2 inhibitor, for the treatment of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19.MethodsThis randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial (Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy [RECOVERY]), is assessing multiple possible treatments in patients hospitalised with COVID-19 in the UK. Eligible and consenting patients were randomly allocated (1:1) to either usual standard of care alone (usual care group) or usual care plus baricitinib 4 mg once daily by mouth for 10 days or until discharge if sooner (baricitinib group). The primary outcome was 28-day mortality assessed in the intention-to-treat population. A meta-analysis was done, which included the results from the RECOVERY trial and all previous randomised controlled trials of baricitinib or other JAK inhibitor in patients hospitalised with COVID-19. The RECOVERY trial is registered with ISRCTN (50189673) and ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04381936) and is ongoing.FindingsBetween Feb 2 and Dec 29, 2021, from 10 852 enrolled, 8156 patients were randomly allocated to receive usual care plus baricitinib versus usual care alone. At randomisation, 95% of patients were receiving corticosteroids and 23% were receiving tocilizumab (with planned use within the next 24 h recorded for a further 9%). Overall, 514 (12%) of 4148 patients allocated to baricitinib versus 546 (14%) of 4008 patients allocated to usual care died within 28 days (age-adjusted rate ratio 0·87; 95% CI 0·77-0·99; p=0·028). This 13% proportional reduction in mortality was somewhat smaller than that seen in a meta-analysis of eight previous trials of a JAK inhibitor (involving 3732 patients and 425 deaths), in which allocation to a JAK inhibitor was associated with a 43% proportional reduction in mortality (rate ratio 0·57; 95% CI 0·45-0·72). Including the results from RECOVERY in an updated meta-analysis of all nine completed trials (involving 11 888 randomly assigned patients and 1485 deaths) allocation to baricitinib or another JAK inhibitor was associated with a 20% proportional reduction in mortality (rate ratio 0·80; 95% CI 0·72-0·89; pInterpretationIn patients hospitalised with COVID-19, baricitinib significantly reduced the risk of death but the size of benefit was somewhat smaller than that suggested by previous trials. The total randomised evidence to date suggests that JAK inhibitors (chiefly baricitinib) reduce mortality in patients hospitalised for COVID-19 by about one-fifth.FundingUK Research and Innovation (Medical Research Council) and National Institute of Health Research

Philosophy of action

The philosophical study of human action begins with Plato and Aristotle. Their influence in late antiquity and the Middle Ages yielded sophisticated theories of action and motivation, notably in the works of Augustine and Aquinas.1 But the ideas that were dominant in 1945 have their roots in the early modern period, when advances in physics and mathematics reshaped philosophy